klinefelter syndrome and turner syndrome

Nowadays, if we look our surrounding, we found that there are many people who suffer from many fatal diseases as dengue, malaria, typhoid and so on. We care of that people . But if we look towards the third gender . We do not consider as a diseases. We misbehave from that people. we think that they are alike us.  That people suffer from klinefelter syndrome and turner syndrome. 

KLINEFELTER SYNDROME : This is a type of chromosomal disorder . At the time of  fertilization, a one copy of gamete come from mother and other come from father, it get fused and form zygote, it develops into embryo then into foetus. Klinefelter syndrome is caused due to presence of additional copy of X-CHROMOSOME, resulting in karyotype of 47 XXY. The person has overall masculine development but faminine development is also expressed in the development of breast i.e gynaecomastia. The person is sterile.This case can be studied by the analysis of karyotypes. The males are tall stature with feminised characters.

almost 2% of all infertile man have a congenital aberration, the figure reaches upto 15% among men with azoospermia. Klinefelter syndrome is frequent chromosomal aberration, which is linked with small, solid testis with hyalinized tubules, missing spermatogenesis, and infertility.

They could not produce offspring. There is difference between the terms infertile and sterile.

STERILE: The person could not produce offspring naturally or after the using of surgical methods. 

INFERTILITY: The person who is unable to concieve or produce children after the 2 years of unprotected intercourse called infertility.

In our world, there is not just a man and woman exist. There exist a spectrum from man to woman in the world. And those people who are sterile, infertile, and having klinefelter syndrome , turner and so on lie in this spectrum. They can not produce offspring , that does not mean that we will not consider them as us . they are too human , they have the property of self- consciousness. 

In 21st century, they even can not sit with us, study with us in the school , college etc. There are many places where they can study but not everywhere. The psychology of the people that they are different . we can not manage with them.  

TURNER SYNDROME: It is also a chromosomal disorder . it is caused due to absence of one of the X chromosome ,i.e 45 with XO . In this disorder, females are sterile as ovaries are rudimentary besides other features including lack of the secondary sexual characters. This case can also be studied by analysis of karyotypes. In this syndrome, females are short stature with undeveloped feminine characters.Approx 50 per 100,000 females are affected by turner syndrome,the characteristics of the syndromes are retarded growth, gonadal dysgenesis and infertility.

We all are people , they are also the part of our society . We should also give respect to them. They also need all the rights which we have like voting , studying in school and colleges, foreigner country travelling etc...

LIFE SAVING BLUE BLOOD

 HORSESHOE CRAB BLOOD 

Horseshoe crabs have extremely valuable blood.They use hemocyanin to transport oxygen throughout their body. 

HEMOCYANIN : a chemical that gives their body that distinctive blue color due to presence of copper element . They have AMEBOCYTE  which work as white blood cells in vertebrates. 

When amebocyte comes into contact with a pathogen, it releases a chemical that causes the local blood to clot. Researchers believe that it is a mechanism of isolating dangerous pathogen. 

Amebocytes in horseshoe crab blood solidify, when it comes contact with endotoxins, a pervasive and sometimes deadly product of bacteria that kicks immune systems into gear, sometimes resulting in fever, organ failure, or septic shock. 

A substance derived from horseshoe blood is called Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) . It is valuable as gold . 

a molecule discovered,  which present in LAL is called factor C. Factor C is responsible for clotting action.

In 2003, Lonza group who was a manufacturer , harvest horseshoe crab but this is the only source which couldn't fulfil the requirements. but this overcame when Hygcos  GmbH a manufacturer also harvested the horseshoe crabs. But after sometime horseshoe crab species decline in their population. So that researchers genetically modified the guts of insects- who belong to the same phylum as horseshoe crab - Arthropoda - to produce Factor-C . As a result, the insect began pumping out Factor-C, which could be sold as rFC( recombinant factor -C) on the market as a viable substitute to horseshoe crab blood.